The doctrine of " Separate but Equal" as a moral or legal pretext for segregation is no longer enforceable by governments, and true racial integration begins in schools in the southern US.
Board of Education: The US Supreme Court rules unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. December: Marilyn Monroe centerfold: the first issue of Playboy magazine appears, published by Hugh Hefner.Humphrey Osmond guides the trip, and later correspondence between the two produces the term psychedelic. May 4: The " doors of perception" open for author Aldous Huxley as he takes mescaline for the first time.Secret detention camps in Europe and Asia are also set up for torture and experiments on prisoners. April 13: Project MKUltra, the CIA's behavior control research program which grew to include testing LSD and extended sensory deprivation on both volunteer and unsuspecting American and Canadian subjects into the 1960s, commences.Go: John Clellon Holmes' novel is published and is later considered to be the first book depicting the Beat Generation.Invisible Man: Ralph Ellison's highly acclaimed novel of African American life in the 20th century is published.August: Mad magazine debuts as a comic book before switching to standard magazine format in 1955, satirizing both American culture and later counterculture alike.
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